standard的词源
英文词源
- standard
- standard: Standard ‘flag, banner’ [12] denotes etymologically something that is ‘extended’ or unfurled. The word comes from Anglo-Norman estaundart ‘flag displayed on a battlefield so that troops can rally to it’. This was a derivative of Old French estendre ‘extend’ (first cousin of English extend). The sense ‘criterion, norm’, which emerged in the 15th century, is probably a metaphorical application of the notion of the ‘royal standard’ or banner as being the point from which authoritative commands (as of standards of weight and measurement) are issued. Standard ‘upright object, such as a tree’ [13] is probably an alteration of stander.
=> extend; stand - standard (n.1)
- mid-12c., "flag or other conspicuous object to serve as a rallying point for a military force," from shortened form of Old French estandart "military standard, banner." According to Barnhart and others, this is probably from Frankish *standhard, literally "stand fast or firm," a compound of unrecorded Frankish words cognate stand (v.) and hard. So called because the flag was fixed to a pole or spear and stuck in the ground to stand upright. The more common theory [OED, etc.] calls this folk-etymology and connects the Old French word to estendre "to stretch out," from Latin extendere (see extend). Some senses (such as "upright pole," mid-15c.) seem to be influenced by if not from stand (v.). Standard-bearer in the figurative sense is from 1560s.
- standard (adj.)
- 1620s, "serving as a standard," from standard (adj.). Earlier it meant "upright" (1530s). Standard-bred "bred up to some agreed-upon standard of excellence" is from 1888.
- standard (n.2)
- "weight, measure, or instrument by which the accuracy of others is determined," late 14c., from standard (n.1) "military standard, banner," a particular use in English of this word, but the sense evolution is "somewhat obscure" [OED]. The standard weights and measures were set by royal ordinance and were known as the king's standard, so perhaps metaphoric, the royal standard coming to stand for royal authority in matters like setting weights and measures. Hence the meaning "authoritative or recognized exemplar of quality or correctness" (late 15c.). Meaning "rule, principal or means of judgment" is from 1560s. That of "definite level of attainment" is attested from 1711 (as in standard of living, 1903).
中文词源
英语单词standard（标准）和stand（站立）有什么关系呢？原来，在12世纪时，standard指的是打仗时指示集合地点的军旗，一般是国王或军队最高统帅的旗帜。这种旗帜系在旗杆或长矛上，牢固地树立在地面上，充当醒目的标识，因此被叫做stand-hard（稳稳站立），后来缩写成为standard。由于standard是国王或军队最高统帅的旗帜，代表了权威。因此，在古代度量衡制度中，国王所确定的度量衡单位就被称为standard（标准）。
standard：['stændəd] n.标准，规格，旗帜，标杆，度量衡标准adj.标准的，合乎规格的
该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：standard 词源，standard 含义。
standard 一词源自古法语 estaudard ‘ rallying point ’（聚汇点），在借用时与英语 stand 发生了联想，所以在12世纪就以 standard 的形式出现了。人们往往把 standard 在英语的出现与史称 the Battle of Standard 的一场战役联系起来。约在公元1138年英格兰人和苏格兰人在诺萨勒顿( Northallerton )附近交战，苏格兰国王戴维一世( David I )被英格兰国王斯蒂芬( Stephen )的军队击败。该战役因英军中竖立着一根顶端带有圣饼盒( pyx )，悬挂圣彼得( St. Peter )、圣约翰( St. John )和圣威尔弗雷德( St. Wilfred )旗帜的桅杆而得名。 standard 最初原仅表示“军旗”，15世纪以后引申出“标准”、“规格”等义。 standard 的某些词义如“军旗”、“支座”、“直立的支柱”、“茎干挺直的植物”等显然是受了 stand 一词的影响产生的。
standard 一词源自古法语 estandard 'rallying point' （聚汇点），在借用时与英语 stand 发生了联想，所以在12世纪就以standard 的形式出现了。人们往往把 standard 在英语的出现与史称 the Battle of Standard 的一场战役联系起来。约在公元1138年英格兰人和苏格兰人在诺萨勒顿（Northallerton）附近交战，苏格兰国王戴维一世（David Ⅰ）被英格兰国王斯蒂芬（Stephen）的军队击败。该战役因英军中竖立着一根顶端带有圣饼盒（pyx），悬挂圣彼得（St. Peter）、圣约翰（St. John）和圣威尔弗雷德（St. Wilfred）旗帜的桅杆而得名。standard 最初原仅表示“军旗”，15世纪以后引申出“标准”、“规格”等义。standard 的某些词义如“军旗”、“支座”、“直立的支柱”、“茎干挺直的植物”等显然是受了 stand 一词的影响产生的。
来源于古法语estendre(伸展),在盎格鲁-诺曼底语中为estaundart,其意义为“士兵们共同守护的战场上的旗帜”。“标准”的意义来自于15世纪“官方发布信息的横幅”“皇家标准”。
来自古法语 estandart,军旗，旗帜，等同于 stand hard,字面意思即稳固站立。引申词义标准， 规范等。
