score的词源
英文词源
- score
- score: [11] The etymological notion underlying score is of ‘cutting’ – for it is related to English shear. It was borrowed from Old Norse skor, which went back to the same prehistoric Germanic base – *skur-, *sker- ‘cut’ – that produced shear (not to mention share, shore, and short). It had a range of meanings, from ‘notch’ to ‘record kept by cutting notches’, but it was specifically the ‘number twenty’ (presumably originally ‘twenty recorded by cutting notches’) that English at first took over.
The other senses followed, perhaps as a result of reborrowing, in the 14th century, but the main modern meaning, ‘number of points made in a game’ (originally as recorded by cutting notches), is a purely English development of the 18th century. Roughly contemporary is ‘written music’, which is said to come from the linking together of related staves with a single common bar line or ‘score’ (in the sense ‘mark’).
The verb score ‘mark with lines’ was borrowed in the 14th century from Old Norse skora.
=> share, shear, shirt, short, skirt - score (n.)
- late Old English scoru "twenty," from Old Norse skor "mark, notch, incision; a rift in rock," also, in Icelandic, "twenty," from Proto-Germanic *skura-, from PIE root *(s)ker- (1) "to cut" (see shear).
The connecting notion probably is counting large numbers (of sheep, etc.) with a notch in a stick for each 20. That way of counting, called vigesimalism, also exists in French: In Old French, "twenty" (vint) or a multiple of it could be used as a base, as in vint et doze ("32"), dous vinz et diz ("50"). Vigesimalism was or is a feature of Welsh, Irish, Gaelic and Breton (as well as non-IE Basque), and it is speculated that the English and the French picked it up from the Celts. Compare tally (n.).
The prehistoric sense of the Germanic word, then, likely was "straight mark like a scratch, line drawn by a sharp instrument," but in English this is attested only from c. 1400, along with the sense "mark made (on a chalkboard, etc.) to keep count of a customer's drinks in a tavern." This sense was extended by 1670s to "mark made for purpose of recording a point in a game or match," and thus "aggregate of points made by contestants in certain games and matches" (1742, originally in whist).
From the tavern-keeping sense comes the meaning "amount on an innkeeper's bill" (c. 1600) and thus the figurative verbal expression settle scores (1775). Meaning "printed piece of music" first recorded 1701, said to be from the practice of connecting related staves by scores of lines. Especially "music composed for a film" (1927). Meaning "act of obtaining narcotic drugs" is by 1951.
Scoreboard is from 1826;
score-keeping- from 1905; newspaper sports section score line is from 1965; baseball score-card is from 1877. - score (v.)
- "to cut with incisions or notches," c. 1400; "to record by means of notches" (late 14c.); see score (n.). Meanings "to keep record of the scores in a game, etc." and "to make or add a point for one's side in a game, etc." both attested from 1742. The slang sense, in reference to men, "achieve intercourse" first recorded 1960. Meaning "to be scorekeeper, to keep the score in a game or contest" is from 1846. In the musical sense from 1839. Related: Scored; scoring.
中文词源
score（得分）：古代的刻痕计数法
在人类进化的早期，人们就已经发明了各种方法来记录数字，有代表性的方法有石子计数法、结绳计数法和刻痕计数法等。刻痕计数法就是在木头、兽骨、石块上留下刻痕，通过刻痕来记录数字。1937年在维斯托尼斯（摩拉维亚）发现一根40万年前的幼狼前肢骨，7英寸长，上面有55道很深的刻痕。这是已发现的用刻痕方法计数的最早资料。
在古代北欧地区，牧羊人利用刻痕计数法来记录自己的羊群数量。英语单词score就源自北欧语skor，本意是“刻痕”。由于当地人采用20进制，一条刻痕代表20，所以score也就含有“20”的意思。
score：[skɔː] n.分数，二十，刻痕，配乐v.计分，得分，刻划，记下，评价
该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：score 词源，score 含义。
从前人们是通过木签上的刻痕( notch)来计数和算帐的。score一词借自古代北欧语skor（刻痕），它最原始的词义就是“刻痕”。从一开始score也指“二十”。古代牧羊人数羊总是二十二十地数，每数二十便在木头或枝条上刻一凹痕( making a score)，“二十”这一词义便由此引申而来。圣经上我们还可以找到three score (years) and ten（七十岁，古稀之年）这样的字句。17世纪时引申出了“理由”一义，才有了on that score（因那理由），on the score of（因为）等短语。score用于比赛表示“得分”，始于18世纪。英国牌戏专家霍伊尔（Edward Hoyle，1672 - 1769）使这一词义得以推广。score以上的这些词义至今仍在通用。score是多义词，意义当然远不止这些，这里涉及的仅为少数常用的。
来源于史前日耳曼语skur-, sker-(切,剪,割),进入古斯堪的纳维亚语为skor,其意义为“切,剪,割→切痕→切槽以记事”,在古英语中为scor(刻,刀痕);古时牧羊人清点羊数时从手指数到脚趾,每数到二十就在树上刻一刀痕。
同源词：shear, share, shore, short
