sabotage的词源

英文词源

sabotage: sabotage: [20] The etymological idea underlying sabotage is of ‘clattering along in noisy shoes’. For its ultimate ancestor is French sabot, a word of unknown origin which means ‘clog’. From it was derived saboter ‘walk along noisily in clogs’, hence (via the notion of ‘clumsiness’) ‘do work badly’, and finally ‘destroy tools, machines, etc deliberately’. This in turn formed the basis of the noun sabotage, which originally denoted the ‘destruction of machinery, etc by factory workers’, but gradually broadened out to include any deliberate disruptive destruction. English acquired it around 1910.
sabotage (n.): 1907 (from 1903 as a French word in English), from French sabotage, from saboter "to sabotage, bungle," literally "walk noisily," from sabot "wooden shoe" (13c.), altered (by association with Old French bot "boot") from Middle French savate "old shoe," from an unidentified source that also produced similar words in Old Provençal, Portuguese, Spanish (zapata), Italian (ciabatta), Arabic (sabbat), and Basque (zapata).

In French, and at first in English, the sense of "deliberately and maliciously destroying property" originally was in reference to labor disputes, but the oft-repeated story (as old as the record of the word in English) that the modern meaning derives from strikers' supposed tactic of throwing shoes into machinery is not supported by the etymology. Likely it was not meant as a literal image; the word was used in French in a variety of "bungling" senses, such as "to play a piece of music badly." This, too, was the explanation given in some early usages.
SABOTAGE [chapter heading] The title we have prefixed seems to mean "scamping work." It is a device which, we are told, has been adopted by certain French workpeople as a substitute for striking. The workman, in other words, purposes to remain on and to do his work badly, so as to annoy his employer's customers and cause loss to his employer. ["The Liberty Review," January 1907]

You may believe that sabotage is murder, and so forth, but it is not so at all. Sabotage means giving back to the bosses what they give to us. Sabotage consists in going slow with the process of production when the bosses go slow with the same process in regard to wages. [Arturo M. Giovannitti, quoted in report of the Sagamore Sociological Conference, June 1907]

In English, "malicious mischief" would appear to be the nearest explicit definition of "sabotage," which is so much more expressive as to be likely of adoption into all languages spoken by nations suffering from this new force in industry and morals. Sabotage has a flavor which is unmistakable even to persons knowing little slang and no French .... ["Century Magazine," November 1910]
sabotage (v.): 1912, from sabotage (n). Related: Sabotaged; sabotaging.

中文词源

sabotage（蓄意破坏）：工人把木鞋扔进机器里来搞破坏

一说起“木鞋”，人们也许马上会想到荷兰木鞋。其实，举世闻名的荷兰木鞋发源于法国，法国的布列塔尼地区是木鞋的发源地。在中世纪，只有贵族才有钱购买皮鞋，普通的老百姓买不起皮鞋，因此发明了造价便宜，但同样防潮保暖的木鞋。这种木鞋在法语中叫做sabot，其中的bot就是boot（靴子）的意思。木鞋从法国流传至欧洲各地，在荷兰大受欢迎，并成为了荷兰的特色产品之一。

现在在法国几乎看不到穿木鞋的人，但在中世纪时期，法国老百姓几乎人人都穿着木鞋。在资本主义发展初期阶段，当工人和工厂管理层发生矛盾时，往往会偷偷地把脚上的木鞋脱下来扔进机器里来破坏机器，从而衍生了sabotage这个英语单词，表示蓄意破坏。

sabot： ['sæbəʊ] n.木鞋，木屐，木底皮鞋

sabotage ['sæbətɑːʒ] v.n.妨害，破坏，怠工

saboteur： [,sæbə'tɜː] n.怠工者，破坏者

该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：sabotage 词源，sabotage 含义。

sabotage：阴谋破坏，暗中破坏，蓄意破坏

该词的词源是显而易见的，它本身就是法语词，源自另一法语词sabot（木屐）。法国人从sabot派生出动词saboter，用以表示“草率地做”、“破坏机器或工厂来取得罢工的胜利”等义，sabotage即为其名词形式。sabotage 一词似乎是在1910年前后出现于英语中并在第一次世界大战期间逐渐通用起来的。当时一些工会，特别是激进的工人组织，极力提倡以破坏机器的方式同厂方进行斗争。令人不解的是木屐和破坏机器之间的联系，因为从传统上来说，在法国木屐是农民穿的，住在城市的工人通常是不穿的。有一种解释认为，早先法国农民为了争取更高的工资和更好的工作条件，穿着木屐去践踏地主的庄稼，词义即由此引申而来。另一种解释说，sabot除了指“木展”，也指固定铁轨于枕木之“鞋形物”(英语作shoe)，1912年大罢工的铁路工人将其扭松或取掉，以此进行破坏。第三种说法则认为，法国工人可能将鞋扔进机器来使工厂的生产瘫痪。今天sabotage的词义有了扩展，不再限于机器或工厂，而用以泛指任何形式的破坏活动。

sabotage：捣乱，破坏

来自法语 sabotage,捣乱，破坏，来自 sabot,木鞋，来自中古法语 savate,旧鞋子，词源同 sabaton, 护脚甲，savate,法国腿踢，ciabatta,拖鞋面包。现词义据说是来自 18，19 世纪机器工业刚兴起时，手工业者担心机器会抢走他们的饭碗，愤而把木鞋扔进机器里面破坏机器运转。