pupil的词源
英文词源
- pupil
- pupil: [14] Latin pūpus and pūpa meant respectively ‘boy’ and ‘girl’ (pūpa was applied by the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus to ‘chrysalises’, the underlying link being ‘undeveloped creature’, and English adopted it as pupa [19]). The diminutive derivatives pūpillus and pūpilla denoted ‘orphan’, a sense which remained with pūpill- as it passed via Old French pupille into English as pupil. ‘Person being taught’ did not emerge until the 16th century.
The application of the word to the ‘black aperture in the eye’, which reached English in the mid-16th century, goes back to Latin pūpilla, which was also used for ‘doll’ – the notion being that if you stand close to someone and look into their eyes, you can see yourself reflected in the pupils like a little ‘doll’.
=> pupa, puppet, puppy - pupil (n.1)
- "student," late 14c., originally "orphan child, ward," from Old French pupille (14c.) and directly from Latin pupillus (fem. pupilla) "orphan child, ward, minor," diminutive of pupus "boy" (fem. pupa "girl"), probably related to puer "child," possibly from PIE *pup-, from root *pu- "to swell, inflate." Meaning "disciple, student" first recorded 1560s. Related: Pupillary.
- pupil (n.2)
- "center of the eye," early 15c. (in English in Latin form from late 14c.), from Old French pupille (14c.), from Latin pupilla, originally "little girl-doll," diminutive of pupa "girl; doll" (see pupil (n.1)), so called from the tiny image one sees of himself reflected in the eye of another. Greek used the same word, kore (literally "girl"), to mean both "doll" and "pupil of the eye;" and compare obsolete baby "small image of oneself in another's pupil" (1590s), source of 17c. colloquial expression to look babies "stare lovingly into another's eyes."
Self-knowledge can be obtained only by looking into the mind and virtue of the soul, which is the piner part of a man, as we see our own image in another's eye. [Plato, "Alcibiades," I.133]
中文词源
pupil（学生）：小小的玩具娃娃
当我们看到幼儿园中或小学低年级班中一群群按照老师要求规规矩矩端坐在座位上的小朋友们，是不是觉得他们特别像小小的玩具娃娃一样？英语单词pupil（学生）的本意正是“小娃娃”，它来自拉丁语pupillus，是“娃娃、玩偶”的指小形式。
pupil还可以表示“瞳孔”，因为我们仔细察看别人的瞳孔，可以发现瞳孔里有一个小人，其实就是你自己的倒影。
pupil：n.（小）学生，瞳孔
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：pupil 词源，pupil 含义。
英语中有两个pupil，即形和音同而义不同的pupil。意指“（小）学生”的pupil源于拉丁语pupillus‘little boy’（小男菝），那是因为从前小学生多为男孩的缘故。14世纪时pupil作pupille，原为法律用语，指“受人监护的孤儿”，16世纪才指“受教师监护的人”，即“（小）学生”。
意指“瞳孔”的pupil则源于拉丁语pupilla‘little girl／doll’（小女孩，小洋娃娃），那是因为瞳孔所反映的人像酷似小洋娃娃所以得名的，14世纪时亦作pupille，亦指“受监护的孤儿”。两个pupil虽然词源不尽相同，但却都是经由同一法语形式pupille进入英语的。
来自拉丁语pupillus,小男孩，来自pupus的小词形式，来自pupus,男孩，可能来自PIE*pup,鼓起，膨胀，拟声词，引申词义生长，或来自PIE*pau,小的，少的，词源同few,pedagogue.
来自拉丁语pupilla,小女孩，来自pupillus 的阴性格。因反射在瞳孔的人像如同小女孩而得名。
