marshal的词源
英文词源
- marshal
- marshal: [13] Etymologically, a marshal is a ‘horse-servant’. The word goes back to a prehistoric Germanic *markhaskalkaz ‘groom’, a compound based on *markhaz ‘horse’ (source of English mare [OE]) and *skalkaz ‘servant’. This was borrowed into late Latin as mariscalcus, and passed from there via Old French mareschal into English. In the course of its journey its status gradually rose, and by the time it reached English it denoted a ‘high officer of state’.
=> mare - marshal (n.)
- early 13c. as a surname; mid-13c. as "high officer of the royal court;" from Old French mareschal "commanding officer of an army; officer in charge of a household" (Modern French maréchal), originally "stable officer, horse tender, groom" (Frankish Latin mariscaluis) from Frankish *marhskalk or a similar Germanic word, literally "horse-servant" (compare Old High German marahscalc "groom," Middle Dutch maerschalc), from Proto-Germanic *markhaz "horse" (see mare (n.1)) + *skalkaz "servant" (source of Old English scealc "servant, retainer, member of a crew," Dutch schalk "rogue, wag," Gothic skalks "servant").
Cognate with Old English horsþegn. From c. 1300 as "stable officer;" early 14c. as "military commander, general in the army." For development history, compare constable. Also from Germanic are Italian scalco "steward," Spanish mariscal "marshal." - marshal (v.)
- early 15c., "to tend (horses)," from marshal (n.). Meaning "to arrange, place in order" is from mid-15c.; that of "to arrange for fighting" is from mid-15c. Figurative use by 1690s. Related: Marshaled; marshaling.
中文词源
美国上世纪著名的军事家，曾任陆军参谋长的马歇尔（Marshall）将军，因为功勋卓绝而被国会授予“元帅”军衔。然而，马歇尔却拒绝了。为什么？原来，英语中表示“元帅”的单词是marshal，跟马歇尔的姓氏Marshall只少了一个字母。“马歇尔元帅”就是“Marshal Marshall”，会很别扭。
单词marshal源自古日耳曼语marahscalc，由“马”和“仆人”组成，也就是“马夫”的意思。随着骑兵在军事历史上的日益重要，“marshal”这样一个职务变得越来越重要，逐渐升级，先后演变为“御马总管”、“骑兵队长”、“王室军务总管”、法官、消防队长等诸多职务，最终升级为最高军衔“元帅”也就不足为奇了。
中国的“司马”一词跟英语单词marshal有异曲同工之妙，原本都是负责伺候马匹的小吏，逐渐升级为掌管全国军队的高级官职。更巧的是，国外有Marshall（马歇尔）这个姓氏，中国也有“司马”一姓。可以说，marshal和“司马”是天生一对。
marshal：['mɑːʃ(ə)l] n.元帅，陆军元帅
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：marshal 词源，marshal 含义。
来自古法语mareschal,军事统帅，总管，来自mare,母马，-schal,仆人，来自PIE*skel,分开，分类，词源同scale,shell.其原义为养马的仆人，马夫，弼马温，后词义扩大，引申词义皇室总管，军队统帅，元帅。比较minister.
这是个词义演变由贬而褒的英语单词，其词源乃古高地德语marahscalc，原义为horse servant（马夫）。法语吸收了该词，作mareschal，并使其词义逐步升级。早在公元5世纪骑兵在战争中起重要作用。该词先由“马夫”升为“御马长官”，以后又与指挥职务相联系，并开始用作高级将领的头衔，最后用以表示“元帅”。英语的rnarshal是直接从法语吸收并演变过来的。但美国并不用marshal，而以five-star general（五星上将）作为最高军衔。曾在第一次世界大战时指挥在欧洲的美国远征军的潘兴(John Joseph Pershing，1860 -1948)是美国第一位五星上将。
可追溯至史前日耳曼语markhaskalkaz(马夫),由markhaz(马)和skalkaz(佣人)组成;进入后期拉丁语为mariscalcus,经由古法语mareschal进入英语;在它的旅行中,其身份地位逐步提高,进入英语后已成为“国家的高级官员”。
