macabre的词源

英文词源

macabre

macabre: [15] Macabre is now used generally for ‘ghastly’, but that is a late 19th-century development. It originated in the very specific phrase dance macabre, which denoted a dance in which a figure representing death enticed people to dance with him until they dropped down dead. This was borrowed from French danse macabre, which was probably an alteration of an earlier danse Macabé. This in turn was a translation of medieval Latin chorea Machabaeorum ‘dance of the Maccabees’, which is thought originally to have referred to a stylized representation of the slaughter of the Maccabees (a Jewish dynasty of biblical times) in a medieval miracle play.

macabre (adj.)

early 15c., originally in reference to a kind of morality show or allegorical representation of death and his victims, from Old French (danse) Macabré "(dance) of Death" (1376), of uncertain origin, probably a translation of Medieval Latin (Chorea) Machabæorum, literally "dance of the Maccabees" (leaders of the Jewish revolt against Syro-Hellenes; see Maccabees). The association with the dance of death seems to be from vivid descriptions of the martyrdom of the Maccabees in the Apocryphal books. The abstracted sense of "gruesome" is first attested 1842 in French, 1889 in English.

The typical form which the allegory takes is that of a series of pictures, sculptured or painted, in which Death appears, either as a dancing skeleton or as a shrunken corpse wrapped in grave-clothes to persons representing every age and condition of life, and leads them all in a dance to the grave. ["Encyclopaedia Britannica," 11th ed., 1911]

中文词源

macabre：可怕的，恐怖的

来自古法语danse Macabre,即dance of Death,词源不详。可能来自对拉丁语Chorea Machabaeorum的意译，即Maccabees Chorea.其中Maccabees为犹太教世袭祭司家庭，在公元前2世纪至1世纪时为抵抗希腊和叙利亚联军的入侵，家庭成员大量战死。后世根据这一历史改编成戏剧展现了这段悲惨的故事。引申词义可怕的，恐怖的。参照百度百科马加比家族。

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：macabre 词源，macabre 含义。

macabre：可怕的，令人毛骨悚然的　　

在欧洲历史上最猖獗的瘟疫莫过于14世纪蔓延于整个欧洲的黑死病(Black Death)，死亡人数之多超过历史上任何流行病或战祸。法国编年史家傅华萨说，约有三分之一的欧洲人死于这次流行病。另有资料说，这次大瘟疫夺走了三分之二的欧洲人的性命。除此而外，从1337年至1453年英法两国进行时断时续的百年战争也在很大程度上增大了人口的死亡率。焚化尸体的火堆几乎随处可见。因此，中世纪末期人们时常想到死亡，死亡也就成了当时西欧戏剧、诗歌、音乐和美术的一个普通主题。最风行的一种题材是在戏剧里和画面上表现生者和死者共舞，象征死亡的骷髅带领众人一步步走向坟墓。这种舞蹈古法语作do.nse maco.bre，英语作dance macabre，意思是dance of death（死亡之舞），若照字面义讲则屉dance of the Maccabees（马卡比家族之舞）。它可能起源于14世纪德国一出据《圣经- IH约》次经(Old Testamenr Apoc-rypha)里有关Maccabee家旅的故事编写而成的道德剧或奇迹剧。这个家族为了拯救叙利亚犹太人领导了一场长达近30年的解放战争，公元前142.年建立了一个由Maccabef家族后裔统治的犹太国家，公元前63年为罗马人所灭。Maccabee家族的故事充满了阴惨的气氛，读起来令人毛骨悚然。多数学者认为，danse macabre得名于故事中七位殉难的Maccabee兄弟的舞蹈，而macabre则显然为Maccabee之讹误。macabre直到19世纪末期寸作为形容词出现于英语之中，并被赋予“以死亡为主题的”、“阴惨的”、“令人毛骨悚然的”等义。