liberal的词源
英文词源
- liberal
- liberal: [14] The Latin word for ‘free’ was līber. It came from the same prehistoric source as Greek eleútheros ‘free’, which may have denoted ‘people, nation’ (in which case the underlying etymological meaning of the word would be ‘being a member of the (free) people’, as opposed to ‘being a slave’). From līber was derived līberālis ‘of freedom’, which passed into English via Old French liberal.
Its earliest English meanings were ‘generous’ and ‘appropriate to the cultural pursuits of a ‘free’ man’ (as in ‘the liberal arts’). The connotations of ‘tolerance’ and ‘lack of prejudice’ did not emerge until the 18th century, and the word’s use as a designation of a particular political party in Britain dates from the early 19th century. Also from Latin līber come English libertine [14] and liberty [14].
=> libertine, liberty - liberal (adj.)
- mid-14c., "generous," also, late 14c., "selfless; noble, nobly born; abundant," and, early 15c., in a bad sense "extravagant, unrestrained," from Old French liberal "befitting free men, noble, generous, willing, zealous" (12c.), from Latin liberalis "noble, gracious, munificent, generous," literally "of freedom, pertaining to or befitting a free man," from liber "free, unrestricted, unimpeded; unbridled, unchecked, licentious," from PIE *leudh-ero-, probably originally "belonging to the people" (though the precise semantic development is obscure; compare frank (adj.)), and a suffixed form of the base *leudh- "people" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic ljudu, Lithuanian liaudis, Old English leod, German Leute "nation, people;" Old High German liut "person, people").
With the meaning "free from restraint in speech or action," liberal was used 16c.-17c. as a term of reproach. It revived in a positive sense in the Enlightenment, with a meaning "free from prejudice, tolerant," which emerged 1776-88.
In reference to education, explained by Fowler as "the education designed for a gentleman (Latin liber a free man) & ... opposed on the one hand to technical or professional or any special training, & on the other to education that stops short before manhood is reached" (see liberal arts). Purely in reference to political opinion, "tending in favor of freedom and democracy" it dates from c. 1801, from French libéral, originally applied in English by its opponents (often in French form and with suggestions of foreign lawlessness) to the party favorable to inpidual political freedoms. But also (especially in U.S. politics) tending to mean "favorable to government action to effect social change," which seems at times to draw more from the religious sense of "free from prejudice in favor of traditional opinions and established institutions" (and thus open to new ideas and plans of reform), which dates from 1823.Conservative, n. A statesman who is enamored of existing evils, as distinguished from the Liberal, who wishes to replace them with others. [Ambrose Bierce, "Devil's Dictionary," 1911]
- liberal (n.)
- 1820, "member of the Liberal party of Great Britain," from liberal (adj.). Used early 20c. of less dogmatic Christian churches; in reference to a political ideology not conservative or fascist but short of socialism, from c. 1920.
This is the attitude of mind which has come to be known as liberal. It implies vigorous convictions, tolerance for the opinions of others, and a persistent desire for sound progress. It is a method of approach which has played a notable and constructive part in our history, and which merits a thorough trial today in the attack on our absorbingly interesting American task. [Guy Emerson, "The New Frontier," 1920]
中文词源
liberal（自由主义的）：古希腊罗马城邦中享有公民权的自由人
英语单词liberal来自拉丁语liberalis（高贵的、高尚的、慷慨的、宽宏的）。liberalis来自词根liber（free，自由的），字面意思就是“自由的，自由人的”。这里的“自由人”指的是古希腊、古罗马城邦中享有公民权的自由人。在14世纪，英语单词liberal表示“慷慨的、无私的、高贵的”；在15、16世纪逐渐衍生出“放纵的、不受约束的”等负面意思；在18世纪后期，它的感情色彩又从贬至褒，表示“宽容的、不受偏见影响的”。现在，该词在政治或宗教上表示“开明的、支持改革和进步的、推崇个人自由的”。在教育领域，liberal arts指的是为“自由人”提供的学科教育，偏重提高人文修养而非实用性，在古代西方包括“三学”（文法、逻辑、修辞）和“四艺”（算术、几何、音乐和天文学），在中国通常翻译为“博雅教育”或“文科”。
与liberal同源的单词有：liberate（解放）、liberation（解放）等。
liberal：['lɪb(ə)r(ə)l] adj.自由主义的，开明的，宽宏的，慷慨的；文科的n.自由主义者
liberal arts：n.博雅教育，文科
liberality：[lɪbə'rælɪtɪ] n.慷慨，大方，开明，心胸开阔
liberalism：['lɪbərəlɪzəm] n.自由主义，开明的思想或见解
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：liberal 词源，liberal 含义。
来自PIE*leu-dhero,来自*leu,人民，自由人，词源同eleutherian,自由人的，-dhero,工具格后缀，引申词义自由的，开明的，大方的，无私的，高贵的。现主要用于自由的，词义演变比较frank.
liberal：自由主义的；慷慨的；不拘泥的
词根词缀： -liber-自由,释放 + -al形容词词尾
拉丁语中liberal指“relating to freeman（与奴隶相对）”。罗马人将自由人需要掌握的七门基本技能（语法、逻辑、修辞、算术、音乐、地理和天文）称为liberal arts，即“those befitting a freeman”，现在谓之“文科”。
