laurels的词源
英文词源
- bachelor
- bachelor: [13] The ultimate origins of bachelor are obscure, but by the time it first turned up, in Old French bacheler (from a hypothetical Vulgar Latin *baccalāris), it meant ‘squire’ or ‘young knight in the service of an older knight’. This was the sense it had when borrowed into English, and it is preserved, in fossilized form, in knight bachelor. Subsequent semantic development was via ‘university graduate’ to, in the late 14th century, ‘unmarried man’.
A resemblance to Old Irish bachlach ‘shepherd, peasant’ (a derivative of Old Irish bachall ‘staff’, from Latin baculum, source of English bacillus and related to English bacteria) has led some to speculate that the two may be connected. English baccalaureate [17] comes via French baccalauréat or medieval Latin baccalaureātus from medieval Latin baccalaureus ‘bachelor’, which was an alteration of an earlier baccalārius, perhaps owing to an association with the ‘laurels’ awarded for academic success (Latin bacca lauri meant literally ‘laurel berry’).
- baccalaureate (n.)
- 1620s, "university degree of a bachelor," from Modern Latin baccalaureatus, from baccalaureus "student with the first degree," alteration of Medieval Latin baccalarius "one who has attained the lowest degree in a university, advanced student lecturing under his master's supervision but not yet having personal license" (altered by folk etymology or word-play, as if from bacca lauri "laurel berry," laurels being awarded for academic success).
The Medieval Latin word is of uncertain origin; perhaps ultimately from Latin baculum "staff" (see bacillus), which the young student might carry. Or it might be a re-Latinization of bachelor in its academic sense.
In modern U.S. usage, baccalaureate usually is short for baccalaureate sermon (1864), a religious farewell address to a graduating class at an American college, from the adjectival sense "pertaining to the university degree of bachelor."
- laureate (adj.)
- late 14c., from Latin laureatus "crowned with laurels," from laurea "laurel crown" (emblematic of victory or distinction in poetry), from fem. of laureus "of laurel," from laurus "laurel." Laureat poete first found in "Canterbury Tales" (form with the noun before the adjective, in imitation of Latin word order, is from c. 1400 in English); the first official one was probably Ben Jonson (1638), though the first recorded one was Dryden (1668). Extended to Nobel prize winners, 1947. As a noun, 1520s, from the adjective. Related: Laureateship.
- laurel (n.)
- c. 1300, lorrer, from Old French laurier (12c.), from Latin laurus "laurel tree," probably related to Greek daphne "laurel" (for change of d- to l- see lachrymose), probably from a pre-IE Mediterranean language. The change of second -r- to -l- after mid-14c. is by dissimilation. An emblem of victory or of distinction, hence the phrase to rest (originally repose) on one's laurels, first attested 1831.
- Parnassus (n.)
- late 14c., from Latin, from Greek Parnassos, mountain in central Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, thus symbolic of poetry. Room writes that the name is from Hittite parna "abode." Related: Parnassian.
Various kinds of literary fame seem destined to various measures of duration. Some spread into exuberance with a very speedy growth, but soon wither and decay; some rise more slowly, but last long. Parnassus has its flowers of transient fragrance, as well as its oaks of towering height, and its laurels of eternal verdure. [Samuel Johnson, "The Rambler," March 23, 1751]
中文词源
Laurel（月桂树）是一种可供观赏的常绿乔木，树叶互生，披针形或者长椭圆形，光滑发亮；花带黄色，伞形花序。laurels指用月桂树叶编成的 “桂冠”。古代希腊人和罗马人用月桂树的树叶编成冠冕，献给杰出的诗人或体育竞技的优胜者，作为奖赏，以表尊崇。这种风尚渐渐传遍整个欧洲，于是laurels代表victory，success和distinction.
欧洲人这种习俗源远流长，可上朔到古希腊神话。相传河神珀纳斯（Peneus）的女儿达佛涅（Daphne）长的风姿卓约，艳丽非凡。太阳神阿波罗为她的美所倾倒， 热烈追求她，但达佛涅自有所爱，总是逃避权利很大的太阳神的追求。一天，他俩在河边相遇，达佛涅一见阿波罗，拔腿就跑，阿波罗在后边穷追不舍，达佛涅跑得疲乏不堪，情急之下只好请她父亲把她变成一株月桂树。阿波罗非常感伤，无限深情地表示：“愿你的枝叶四季长青，装饰我的头，装饰我的琴，让你成为最高荣誉的象征”。他小心得将这株月桂树移植到自己神庙旁边，朝夕相处，并取其枝叶遍成花冠戴在头上，以表示对达佛涅的倾慕和怀念。
因此，古希腊人把月桂树看做是阿波罗的神木，称为“阿波罗的月桂树”（The Laurel of Apollo）。起先，他们用月桂枝叶编成冠冕，授予在祭祀太阳神的节目赛跑中的优胜者。后来在奥林匹亚（Olympia）举行的体育竞技中，他们用桂冠赠给竞技的优胜者。从此世代相传，后世欧洲人以“桂冠”作为光荣的称号。
由于阿波罗是主管光明、青春、音乐和诗歌之神，欧洲人又把源自“阿波罗的月桂树”的桂冠，献给最有才华的诗人，称“桂冠诗人”。第一位著名的“桂冠诗人”就是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义的先驱者。意大利诗人彼特拉克（Francesco Petrarch，1304-1374）。他的代表作<抒情诗集>，全 部为14行诗体，系诗人献给他心中的女神劳拉的情诗（彼特拉克喜欢了劳拉一辈子，但是劳拉从来都不知道），抒发他对恋人的爱情，描写大自然的景色，渴望祖国的统一。这部被称为西方“诗三百'的诗集，虽不能与我国古代<诗经>相提并论，但不失为世界文学的瑰宝。
中古时代英国的大学，也曾授予过“桂冠诗人”的称好，但是这只是一种荣誉称号，而非目前含义的类似职务，学衔的专用名称。
作为专名的“桂冠诗人”（The Poet Laureate，也称The Laureate），系英国王室赐予御用诗人的专用称号，从17世纪英皇詹姆士一世（James I，1566-1625）开始，延续到现在，已历三个世纪了。凡获得“桂冠诗人”称号者，可领取宫廷津贴，每遇到王室喜庆或官方盛典时，都要写作应景诗以点缀和宣扬喜庆事件，歌功颂德，粉饰升平。17世纪，在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”的是约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden，1631-1700），他一生为贵族写作，美化君主制度，不过他创造的“英语偶句诗体”，成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。从1670到1972这三百年间，英国王室相继封了17位“桂冠诗人”年限最长的是19世纪的浪漫诗人阿弗里德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson，1809-1892），他从1850年获得这个称号一直到逝世，长达42年，算是“终身桂冠诗人”了。英国最近的“桂冠诗人”是约翰·本杰明（John Benjamin）。其实，所谓“桂冠诗人”大部分是徒具虚名的，在英国文学史上享有盛名者极少；就象中国封建时代的“钦点状元”，从公元960到1904（清关绪30年最后一届科举止）近1000年，历代状元341名，在中国文学史上著名的寥寥无几。
Win Laurels：获得荣誉；赢得声望
Gain Laurels：获得荣誉；赢得声望
Look to One's Laurels：爱惜名声；保持记录
Rest on One's Laurels：坐享清福；光吃老本
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：laurels 词源，laurels 含义。
