host的词源

英文词源

host

host: Indo-European *ghostis denoted ‘stranger’. From it were descended Germanic *gastiz (source of English guest), Greek xénos ‘guest, stranger’ (source of English xenon and xenophobia), and Latin hostis ‘stranger, enemy’. This original meaning is retained in the derived adjective hostile [16], but the noun itself in postclassical times came to mean ‘army’, and that is where (via Old French) English got host ‘army’ [13] from.

Its main modern sense, ‘large number’, is a 17th-century development. But Latin had another noun, hospes ‘host’, which was probably derived from hostis. Its stem form, hospit-, passed into Old French as hoste (whose modern French descendant hôte means both ‘host’ and ‘guest’). English borrowed this in the 13th century, giving it a second noun host, quite distinct in meaning, but ultimately of the same origin. (Other English words that owe their existence to Latin hospes include hospice, hospital, hostel, hotel, and ostler.) But that is not the end of the host story.

English has yet another noun host, meaning ‘bread of the Eucharist’ [14]. This comes via Old French hoiste from Latin hostia ‘sacrifice, victim’.
=> guest, hospital, hostile, hotel, ostler, xenon, xenophobia

host (n.1)

"person who receives guests," late 13c., from Old French hoste "guest, host, hostess, landlord" (12c., Modern French hôte), from Latin hospitem (nominative hospes) "guest, host," literally "lord of strangers," from PIE *ghostis- "stranger" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic gosti "guest, friend," gospodi "lord, master;" see guest). The biological sense of "animal or plant having a parasite" is from 1857.

host (n.2)

"multitude" mid-13c., from Old French host "army" (10c.), from Medieval Latin hostis "army, war-like expedition," from Latin hostis "enemy, foreigner, stranger," from the same root as host (n.1). Replaced Old English here, and in turn has been largely superseded by army. The generalized meaning of "large number" is first attested 1610s.

host (n.3)

"body of Christ, consecrated bread," c. 1300, from Latin hostia "sacrifice," also "the animal sacrificed," applied in Church Latin to Christ; probably ultimately related to host (n.1) in its root sense of "stranger, enemy."

host (v.)

"to serve as a host," early 15c., from host (n.1). Related: Hosted; hosting.

中文词源

host：主人，东道主，寄主

来自古法语hoste,客人，招待客人的人，主人，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，来自PIE*ghostis,外来人，词源同guest.引申词义东道主，招待，寄主等。

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：host 词源，host 含义。

host：旅店老板，主人；节目主持人；一大群，许多

原始印欧语ghostis(陌生人),在日耳曼语中为gastiz(英语guest的词源),在希腊语中为xenos(英语xenon和xenophobia的词源),在拉丁语中为hostis(陌生人,敌人)。拉丁语中hostis(陌生人,敌人)派生了hospes, hospitis, m(陌生人,敌人),进入古法语为hostel,是英语host和hostel的词源。hostel在现代法语中为hotel并被英语借用。归于拉丁语hospes, hospitis, m(陌生人,敌人)的英语词汇还有hospice, hospital和ostler等。

-host-客人 → host

同源词：guset, xenon, xenophobia, host, hostel, hotel, hospice, hospital, ostler归纳：host(主人)和guest(客人)对应;master(主人)和servant对应。host招待的是guest; master指使的是servant(仆人)。词组/短语：act as host at…担任…的主人(主持人)