handicap的词源
英文词源
- handicap
- handicap: [17] The word handicap originally denoted a sort of game of chance in which one person put up one of his or her personal possessions against an article belonging to someone else (for example one might match a gold watch against the other’s horse) and an umpire was appointed to adjudicate on the respective values of the articles. All three parties put their hands into a hat, together with a wager, and on hearing the umpire’s verdict the two opponents had to withdraw them in such a way as to indicate whether they wished to proceed with the game.
If they agreed, either in favour of proceeding or against, the umpire took the money; but if they disagreed, the one who wanted to proceed took it. It was the concealing of the hands in the hat that gave the game its name hand in cap, hand i’ cap, source of modern English handicap. In the 18th century the same term was applied to a sort of horse race between two horses, in which an umpire decided on a weight disadvantage to be imposed on a superior horse and again the owners of the horses signalled their assent to or dissent from his adjudication by the way in which they withdrew their hands from a hat.
Such a race became known as a handicap race, and in the 19th century the term handicap first broadened out to any contest in which inequalities are artificially evened out, and was eventually transferred to the ‘disadvantage’ imposed on superior contestants – whence the main modern meaning, ‘disadvantage, disability’.
- handicap (n.)
- 1650s, from hand in cap, a game whereby two bettors would engage a neutral umpire to determine the odds in an unequal contest. The bettors would put their hands holding forfeit money into a hat or cap. The umpire would announce the odds and the bettors would withdraw their hands -- hands full meaning that they accepted the odds and the bet was on, hands empty meaning they did not accept the bet and were willing to forfeit the money. If one forfeited, then the money went to the other. If both agreed either on forfeiting or going ahead with the wager, then the umpire kept the money as payment. The custom, though not the name, is attested from 14c. ("Piers Plowman").
Reference to horse racing is 1754 (Handy-Cap Match), where the umpire decrees the superior horse should carry extra weight as a "handicap;" this led to sense of "encumbrance, disability" first recorded 1890. The main modern sense, "a mental or physical disability," is the last to develop, early 20c. - handicap (v.)
- "equalize chances of competitors," 1852, but implied in the horse-race sense from mid-18c., from handicap (n.). Meaning "put at a disadvantage" is from 1864. Earliest verbal sense, now obsolete, was "to gain as in a wagering game" (1640s). Related: Handicapped; handicapping.
中文词源
赌博是古今中外很多人都喜欢玩的游戏。赌博时需要解决的一种重要问题是保障公平性，使各方获胜的概率大致相同。例如，拿球赛进行赌博时，如果强弱分明，赌弱队赢的人会吃亏，这时就需要调整两支球队的赔率，提高弱队的赔率，降低强队的赔率，这样才能实现公平，吸引人们参与赌博。那么，由谁来决定赔率呢？以前是由中立的第三方仲裁来决定赔率，决定的方式叫做hand in cap。参与赌博的双方都拿出一定的担保金，抓在手中。然后双方都把手放到帽子里。第三方仲裁宣布双方的赔率后，参赌双方将手从帽子里拿出来。如果接受这个赔率则将手摊开，如果不接受赔率则以握拳表示。如果双方都接受赔率，则可以开始赌博，仲裁取走帽子里的担保金作为酬金。如果双方都不接受赔率，则赌博取消，仲裁也可取走帽子里的担保金，但自己的声望受损，以后就很难再被人邀请来充任仲裁了。如果一方接受另一方不接受，则赌博取消，接受赔率的一方取走帽子里的担保金，仲裁因为没能完成任务而空手而归。
英语单词handicap就来自hand in cap，指的是赌博或比赛时为了实现公平性而进行的各种调整和设置。除了设置赔率外，最常用的方式是给优势方设置障碍或不利条件，如在赛马比赛中，给优势赛马增加负重。因此，handicap还可以表示“障碍、不利条件”。在现代英语中，常用handicapped代替disabled，用来委婉地表示“身体残疾的”。这种表示的确够委婉的，不是说你“残疾、无能”，而是说你你太优秀了，老天为了让其他人能与你公平竞争才给你设置了一些不利条件。
handicap：['hændɪkæp] n.障碍，不利条件vt.妨碍，阻碍，使不利
handicapped：['hændɪkæpt] adj.残疾的，有生理缺陷的n.残疾人，缺陷者
handicapping system：差别积分制，机会均等化比赛法
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：handicap 词源，handicap 含义。
来自短语hand in cap,一种流行于17世纪的娱乐游戏，大致规则如下：甲乙双方有两件价值不同的物品，请丙当裁判来评估价差，然后补齐差价进行交换。同时，甲乙双方交纳保证金用手拿着放进帽子里，如果裁判丙估出的差价甲乙双方都同意的话，则他们进行物品交换，同时保证金归裁判，如果估出的差价甲乙双方都不同意的话，物品不交换，但是保证金也归裁判，如果一方同意另一方不同意，但是不同意的一方保证金归同意的一方，物品不交换，但可以避免更大程度损失。其中的关键在于裁判为使个人的利益最大化，势必要进行尽可能公正的估价，这样才会树立名声，别人才会找他，如果甲乙双方都认为裁判不公，则没人再找这个裁判。并由该游戏引申词义让步赛，如马赛，球赛，棋赛等等，以及用于指残疾人，生理缺陷的人，即需要让的人，含冒犯意。
handicap源出旧时一种名为hand in cap的赌博性游戏。该游戏因参加者将赌注或罚金置于帽中而得名。例如有种牌戏规定，为了给输者以有利条件赢回所输的钱，赢者必须在下一次发牌时多下赌注，并将多下的赌注即所谓罚金( forfeits)放入帽子内( hand in the cap)。
17世纪和1 8世纪时类似赌法亦见诸赛马。为使得胜机会均等，赛马时对年龄轻、体力强、速度快的马略加载重量，这种赛马就叫做handicap race。这时handicap 一词已被赋予“不利条件”或“障碍”一义。到了19世纪，这种对强者略加不利条件或让弱者略占优势的让步赛也用于其他任何体育项目，如打高尔夫球时优者让劣者多击几次球，下棋时强手让弱手一个棋子等。如今handicap一词已不再囿于体育比赛，而且多用在更广泛的意义上。它还往往用作委婉语，表示“缺陷”，例如我们常说handicapped child（残废或弱智儿童）。
handicap：不利条件，障碍；(身体或智力方面的)缺陷
来源于古代的一种赌博游戏hand in cap。
