filibuster的词源
英文词源
- filibuster
- filibuster: [16] Filibuster and freebooter [16] are doublets: that is to say, they come from the same ultimate source, but have subsequently perged. Freebooter ‘pirate’ was borrowed from Dutch vrijbuiter, a compound formed from vrij ‘free’ and buiter ‘plunderer’ (this was a derivative of buit ‘loot’, to which English booty is related).
But English was not the only language to adopt it; French wanted it too, but mangled it somewhat in the borrowing, to flibustier. It was then handed on to Spanish, as filibustero. It is not clear where the 16th-century English use of the word with an l spelling rather than an r spelling (which is recorded in only one text) comes from. The French form flibustier was borrowed towards the end of the 18th century, and presentday filibuster came from the Spanish form in the mid-19th century.
The use of the term for ‘obstructing a legislature with an overlong speech’ (which has now virtually obliterated its former semantic equivalence to freebooter) originated in the USA in the 1880s.
=> booty, free, freebooter - filibuster (n.)
- 1580s, flibutor "pirate," especially, in history, "West Indian buccaneer of the 17th century" (mainly French, Dutch, and English adventurers), probably ultimately from Dutch vrijbueter (now vrijbuiter) "freebooter," a word which was used of pirates in the West Indies in Spanish (filibustero) and French (flibustier, earlier fribustier) forms. See freebooter.
According to Century Dictionary, the spread of the word is owing to a Dutch work ("De Americaensche Zee-Roovers," 1678) "written by a bucaneer named John Oexmelin, otherwise Exquemelin or Esquemeling, and translated into French and Spanish, and subsequently into English (1684)." Spanish inserted the -i- in the first syllable; French is responsible for the -s-, inserted but not originally pronounced, "a common fact in 17th century F[rench], after the analogy of words in which an original s was retained in spelling, though it had become silent in pronunciation" [Century Dictionary].
In American English, from 1851 in reference to lawless military adventurers from the U.S. who tried to overthrow Central American governments. The major expeditions were those of Narciso Lopez of New Orleans against Cuba (1850-51) and by William Walker of California against the Mexican state of Sonora (1853-54) and against Nicaragua (1855-58).
FILIBUSTERING is a term lately imported from the Spanish, yet destined, it would seem, to occupy an important place in our vocabulary. In its etymological import it is nearly synonymous with piracy. It is commonly employed, however, to denote an idea peculiar to the modern progress, and which may be defined as the right and practice of private war, or the claim of inpiduals to engage in foreign hostilities aside from, and even in opposition to the government with which they are in political membership. ["Harper's New Monthly Magazine," January 1853]
The noun in the legislative sense is not in Bartlett (1859) and seems not to have been in use in U.S. legislative writing before 1865 (filibustering in this sense is from 1861). Probably the extension in sense is because obstructionist legislators "pirated" debate or overthrew the usual order of authority. Originally of the senator who led it; the maneuver itself so called by 1893. Not technically restricted to U.S. Senate, but that's where the strategy works best. [The 1853 use of filibustering by U.S. Rep. Albert G. Brown of Mississippi reported in the "Congressional Globe" and cited in the OED does not refer to legislative obstruction, merely to national policy toward Cuba.] - filibuster (v.)
- 1853 in the freebooting sense, from filibuster (n.). Legislative sense is from 1861. Related: Filibustered; filibustering.
中文词源
来自freebooter的拼写变体词，海盗。后在19世纪末用于美国国会议员冗长演讲，以阻挠议案通过，即如同海盗抢劫。更多参照bunk, 废话，胡说。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：filibuster 词源，filibuster 含义。
这本是个不惹人注意的词，但美国参议院却使它变得几乎尽人皆知了，它的意思是“（以冗长的演说等手法）阻挠议案通过”。
在众议院演说都有时间限制，但参议院则容许对一个议案进行无休止的辩论，而发表的演说也可与争论的问题完全无关。在一个参议员演讲时其他人不得进行干扰，除非有足够数目的参议员投票要求他中止演讲。许多重要议案就因一个或几个参议员拒绝停止演讲而遭扼杀。少数派往往采用这一拖延战术使议案无法迅速表决，最后迫使多数派作出让步乃至撤消议案。1957年南卡罗来纳州参议员Strom Thurmond的演说长达24小时18分，创此类演说的最高记录，其目的是试图拖延对某项民权法案的表决。次高记录为俄勒冈州议员Wayne Morse所创，其演说超过22小时，他这样做旨在阻挠表决一项把近海油田划归沿海各州的议案。
buster常用以构成复合词，表示“挫败（或阻挠、破坏）…的人”，诸如blockbuster（重磅炸弹），crimebuster（刑事警探），broncobuster（驯马师），trustbuster（要求解散托拉斯的人）。但filibuster一词在词源上似乎和buster无甚联系。 filibuster源自荷兰语。17世纪大批海盗出没于西印度群岛和美洲沿岸，抢劫往来商船，荷兰人把这些海盗叫做vrijbuiter（vrij ‘free’+buit‘booty’），该词进入英语后作freebooter，也用以指“海盗”。但该词也同时进入了法语（作flibustier)，而后又进入了西班牙语（作filibustero），最后辗转来到了英语中，却以filibuster的形式出现。最初它和freebooter同义，也指“海盗”。到了19世纪filibuster被美国人用来指“擅自对外国进行战争者”，尤指“在拉丁美洲国家煽动叛乱的美国人”。“阻挠议案通过”这一词义始用于1853年，当时一位美国议员批评其对手的策略为“filibustering against the United States”（使用阻挠手段对美国进行破坏）。
