Dionysus的词源

英文词源

mania

mania: [14] Greek maníā meant ‘madness’. It goes back ultimately to Indo-European *mn-, *men- ‘think’, the same source as produced English mind. It reached English via late Latin mania. Of its derivatives, maniac [17] comes from late Greek maniakós, but manic [20] is an English formation. Closely related to maníā was the Greek verb maínesthai ‘be mad’; from it was derived mainás, the name for a fanatical female follower of Dionysus, which English has adopted via Latin as maenad [16].
=> maenad, manic, mind

Bacchus

Greek god of wine and revelry, a later name of Dionysus, late 15c., from Latin Bacchus, from Greek Bakkhos, perhaps related to Latin bacca "berry, olive-berry, bead, pearl." Perhaps originally a Thracian fertility god.

dithyramb (n.)

c. 1600, from Latin dithyrambus, from Greek dithyrambos, which is of unknown origin, perhaps a pre-Hellenic loan-word. A wild choric hymn, originally in honor of Dionysus or Bacchus. Related: Dithyrambic.

Mars

Roman god of war, also the name of the bright red planet, late 14c., from Latin Mars (stem *Mawort-), the Roman god of war, of unknown origin, apparently from earlier Mavors, related to Oscan Mamers. According to Watkins the Latin word is from *Mawort- "name of an Italic deity who became the god of war at Rome ...." He also had agricultural attributes, and might ultimately have been a Spring-Dionysus. The planet was so named by the Romans, no doubt for its blood-like color. The Greeks also called the planet Pyroeis "the fiery."

orgy (n.)

1560s, orgies (plural) "secret rites in the worship of certain Greek and Roman gods," especially Dionysus, from Middle French orgies (c. 1500, from Latin orgia), and directly from Greek orgia (plural) "secret rites," especially those of Bacchus, from PIE root *werg- "to do" (see organ). The singular, orgy, was first used in English 1660s for the extended sense of "any licentious revelry." OED says of the ancient rites that they were "celebrated with extravagant dancing, singing, drinking, etc.," which gives "etc." quite a workout.

phallus (n.)

1610s, "an image of the penis," from Latin phallus, from Greek phallos "penis," also "carving or image of an erect penis (symbolizing the generative power in nature) used in the cult of Dionysus," from PIE *bhel-no-, from root *bhel- (2) "to blow, inflate, swell" (cognates: Old Norse boli "bull," Old English bulluc "little bull," and possibly Greek phalle "whale;" see bole). Used of the penis itself (often in symbolic context) from 1924, originally in jargon of psychoanalysis.

priapic (adj.)

"phallic," 1786, with -ic + Priapus (Greek Priapos), son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, the god who personified male reproductive power. His name is of unknown origin.

Semele

daughter of Cadmus and mother of Dionysus, from Latin, from Greek Semele, a Thraco-Phrygian earth goddess, from Phrygian Zemele "mother of the earth," probably cognate with Old Church Slavonic zemlja "earth," Latin humus "earth, ground, soil" (see chthonic).

thyrsus (n.)

1590s, from Latinized form of Greek thyrsos, literally "stalk or stem of a plant," a non-Greek word of unknown origin. The staff or spear, tipped with an ornament like a pine cone and sometimes wreathed in ivy and vine branches, borne by Dionysus and his votaries.

trilogy (n.)

series of three related works, 1660s, from Greek trilogia "series of three related tragedies performed at Athens at the festival of Dionysus," from tri- "three" (see three) + logos "story" (see logos).

triumph (n.)

late 14c., "success in battle, conquest," also "spiritual victory" and "a procession celebrating victory in war," from Old French triumphe (12c., Modern French triomphe), from Latin triumphus "an achievement, a success; celebratory procession for a victorious general or admiral," from Old Latin triumpus, probably via Etruscan from Greek thriambos "hymn to Dionysus," a loan-word from a pre-Hellenic language.

中文词源

Dionysus：撒播欢乐和创造力的酒神狄俄尼索斯/巴克斯(Bacchus)

狄俄尼索斯（Dionysus）是希腊神话中的酒神，也是狂欢和放荡之神，在罗马神话中被称为巴克斯（Bacchus）。他不仅握有葡萄酒醉人的力量，还给人们带来欢乐，在当时成为极有感召力的神。关于他的身世有两种说法。

第一种说法是狄俄尼索斯是宙斯和忒拜公主塞墨勒的儿子。宙斯爱上了塞墨勒，天后赫拉十分嫉妒，变成公主的保姆，怂恿公主向宙斯提出要求，要看宙斯真身。宙斯拗不过公主的请求，现出原形，结果塞墨勒被雷火烧死，宙斯抢救出不足月的婴儿狄俄尼索斯，将他缝在自己的大腿中，直到足月才将他取出，因他在宙斯大腿里时宙斯走路象瘸子，因此得名“狄俄尼索斯”，意为“瘸腿的人”。

第二种说法是狄俄尼索斯是宙斯与珀耳塞福涅的儿子。赫拉派提坦神将刚出生的狄俄尼索斯杀害并毁掉尸身，却被宙斯抢救出他的心，并让他的灵魂再次投生到塞墨勒的体内重生。于是，关于酒神重生不死的故事遍传希腊各地，使人们崇拜不已。

狄俄尼索斯成年后赫拉仍不肯放过他，使他疯癫，到处流浪。在大地上流浪的过程中，他教会农民们酿酒，因此成为酒神，周围聚集了众多信徒。他在信徒们的簇拥下，乘着四轮马车四处游荡。无论走到哪里，就把歌声、笑声和喧闹带到哪里。他的信徒们尤其是女信徒们一路狂饮狂欢，大声喧哗，举止放荡，在极度兴奋时甚至把不敬酒神的音乐家俄尔普斯撕成了碎片。

在古希腊伟大悲剧家欧里庇德斯的作品《酒神女信徒》中，年轻的底比斯国王潘修斯因为蔑视和对抗酒神，被酒神施展法力，变成了一头狮子，被以其母亲为首的酒神信徒们在亢奋中撕成了碎片。

传说，酒神曾被一群海盗绑架。他施展法力，用葡萄藤把海盗的船桨和船帆都掩藏起来，招来神兽，最后把海盗变成了海豚。为了报答米达斯国王送回他迷路的恩师，酒神赐予米达斯点石成金的本领。希腊英雄忒修斯在克里特岛的阿里阿德涅公主帮助下，杀死了米诺斯迷宫中的怪物米诺陶后，带着公主逃亡，途中因为相信命运女神的预言而抛弃了公主。酒神按照命运的安排出现在公主面前，娶了公主为妻。

酒神是古希腊人最喜欢的神明之一，是除普罗米修斯以外对人类历史影响最大的神灵。人们每年以酒神节来纪念他，并由此发展出古希腊悲剧和喜剧。酒神精神还激发了许多哲学家的头脑，如德国的尼采。

英语单词Bacchanalia（酒神节）、bacchanal（饮酒狂欢的）和bacchanalian（饮酒狂欢的）都源自酒神的拉丁名字Bacchus（巴库斯）。而单词Dionysia（酒神节）则来自酒神的希腊名字Dionysus（狄奥尼索斯）。形容词dionysian表示“与酒神有关的”。由于酒神喜欢喝酒，喝高后狂欢嬉闹，所以该词又可以表示“狂饮的、狂欢的”。

Bacchanalia：[,bækə'neiljə] n.（古罗马）酒神节

bacchanal： ['bækən(ə)l; -næl] adj.酒神节的，饮酒狂欢的n.酒神节，饮酒狂欢

bacchanalian：[,bækə'neiljən] adj.酒神节的，饮酒狂欢的n.发酒疯的人

Dionysus：[,daiə'naisəs] n.狄俄尼索斯，希腊神话中的酒神

Dionysia：[,daiə'niʃən]n.（古希腊）酒神节

dionysian：[,daiə'niziən] adj.酒神的，狂饮的，狂欢的

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：Dionysus 词源，Dionysus 含义。