1.Zahavi's handicap principle - This principle states that in order to be honest, a signal must be costly to the signaler.
扎哈维的障碍原则-这一原则的国家，为了老实说，信号必须是昂贵的信号。
2.Representational information - Information about the environment external to the signaler.
代表信息-有关环境的外部信号。
3.Batesian mimicry - In this type of mimicry a harmless signaler imitates a dangerous one.
Batesian模仿-在此类型的一个无害的模仿模仿一个危险的信号之一。
4.These signals are then acted on by natural selection to minimize risk to the signaler.
这些信号，然后就其采取行动的自然选择，尽量减少风险的信号。